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Date : 1995-08-31
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Origin and evolution of the genetic code the universal enigma ~ The central idea is that universality of the genetic code is a condition for maintaining the horizontal flow of genetic information between communities of primordial replicators and this information flow is a condition for the evolution of any complex biological entities
Evolution of the Genetic Code 9780198547815 Medicine ~ The genetic code was deciphered experimentally around 1966 and for a number of years scientists considered it to be universal for all forms of life In 1981 researchers shocked the scientific community with the discovery that the code differed in mitochondria and certain other organisms evidence that the genetic code was still evolving
Evolution Library The Common Genetic Code ~ The Common Genetic Code Paul Nurse demonstrated that a strain of yeast with a defective gene could use the human version of that gene to repair itself That we not only share a common genetic code with other organisms but that we actually share specific genes is powerful evidence of our common ancestry
Origin and Evolution of the Universal Genetic Code ~ Abstract The standard genetic code SGC is virtually universal among extant life forms Although many deviations from the universal code exist particularly in organelles and prokaryotes with small genomes they are limited in scope and obviously secondary The universality of the code likely results from the combination of a frozen accident
evolution How did the genetic code evolve Biology ~ The genetic code is redundant there are 20 amino acids for 64 possible nucleotide combinations triplet codons Therefore some amino acid are coded by several different codons While leucine is coded by 6 codons tryptophan is coded only by one codon
What Is the Evolutionary Significance of the Genetic Code ~ The genetic code is a nearly universal language that encodes directions for cells The language uses DNA nucleotides arranged in codons of three to store the blueprints for amino acid chains These chains in turn form proteins which either comprise or regulate every other biological process in every living thing on the planet
Collective evolution and the genetic code PNAS ~ The genetic code is a probabilistic map Probc → α between codons and amino acids The map is probabilistic because the charging of tRNAs with particular amino acids and the decoding of codons through competition of tRNAs are probabilistic molecular events
Evolution of the genetic code based on conservative ~ A model for the evolution of the genetic code is presented based on the conservative evolution of the individual components of translation including codons anticodons aminoacyl tRNA synthetases frequency of amino acids in ancient proteins availability of amino acids on early Earth amino acids characteristics and biochemical pathways
Evolution of the genetic code partial optimization of a ~ The structure of the genetic code is manifestly nonrandom 3 Given that there are 64 codons for only 20 amino acids most of the amino acids are encoded by more than one codon the standard code is highly redundant the two exceptions are methionine and tryptophan each of which is encoded by a single codon
Amino acid biogenesis evolution of the genetic code and ~ In particular we show that class II aaRSs mostly associated with the primordial amino acids while class I aaRSs are usually related to amino acids evolved lately Reasoning from this we propose a possible chronology of genetic code evolution
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